@article{nokey,

title = {Indian Ocean Networks and the Transmutations of Servitude: The Protector of Indian Immigrants and the Administration of Freed Slaves and Indentured Labourers in Durban in the 1870s},

author = {Preben Kaarsholm},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

urldate = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Southern African Studies},

volume = {42},

issue = {3},

pages = { 443-461},

abstract = {Focusing on Durban and its harbour, the article discusses the importation of different kinds oftransnational bonded labour into Natal in the last half of the 19th century, and examines theways in which Southern African and Indian Ocean histories were intertwined in the processesthat built the colonial state. The institution of the Protector of Indian Immigrants is highlightedas a central ingredient in state building, which served to give legitimacy in regulating the supplyof labour. The early history of the Protector’s work in the 1870s is given special attention asregards the introduction into Natal of freed slaves from the Indian Ocean coast, of indenturedlabourers from India, and of ‘Amatonga’ migrant workers from Mozambique. An 1877 murdercase is discussed, which led to the forced resignation of a Protector, as it threatened to underminethe respectability of the institution. The article shows the continuities that existed between formsof servitude from slavery and forced labour through the recruitment of ‘liberated Africans’ andindentured Indians to more recent types of migrant and voluntary wage labour.

},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Contested enslavement: the Portuguese in Angola and the problem of debt, c. 1600-1800},

author = {Judith Spicksley},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-02},

urldate = {2015-01-02},

journal = {Itinerario },

volume = {39},

issue = {2},

pages = {247-275},

abstract = {This article explores the contested legitimacy of enslavement for debt in the context of the transatlantic slave trade.

},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Slaves’ Religious Choice in Renaissance Venice: Applying Insights from Missionary Narratives to Slave Baptism Records},

author = {Juliane Schiel},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = { Archivio Veneto},

issue = {146},

pages = {23-45},

abstract = {This article investigates the motivation for and interests behind the baptism of slaves imported into late medieval Venice. It reviews Venetian slave sale records and reports left by mendicant missionaries and illustrates that baptism was less a matter of individual spiritual choice than a social practice perceived by the slave holders as an act of charity.

},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Linen, Silver, Slaves, and Coffee: A Spatial Approach to Central Europe’s Entanglements with the Atlantic Eco­nomy},

author = {Klaus Weber},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Culture & History Digital Journal},

volume = {4},

issue = {2},

abstract = {In German scholarship of the post-war period, the category of space was regarded as discredited, because of its abuse during the Nazi period. This applies in particular to the 1970s and 80s, when novel approaches in social and economic history were developed. Research on proto-industrialisation, broadly examining its internal structures, did not take into account the export orientation of Central Europe’s early modern commodity production. At the same time, the expanding research on Europe’s Atlantic empires, including the trans-Atlantic slave trade, did hardly take notice of the manufactures from the Holy Roman Empire, distributed all around the Atlantic basin. This paper examines those conditions favouring German proto-industries which are relevant for a ‘spatial approach’ to the phenomenon. It also covers the late medieval beginnings of this process, in order to demonstrate the continuity of Central Europe’s entanglement with the Atlantic world. The paper further emphasises that any future research using spatial categories must be aware of the ideological contamination of the German term ‘Raum’ during the 19th and 20th century. The interlace of economic and social history with historiography demands a compilation from current and older research literature, some of it on different regions and subjects.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Mitteleuropa und der transatlantische Sklavenhandel: eine lange Geschichte [Central Europe and the trans-atlantic slave trade: a long (hi)story]},

author = {Klaus Weber},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

issuetitle = {Europas Sklaven [Europe's Slaves]},

journal = {WerkstattGeschichte},

issue = {66-67},

pages = {7-30},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {African Workers and the Universities‘ Mission to Central Africa in Zanzibar, 1864–1900},

author = {Michelle Greenfield-Liebst },

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eastern African Studies},

volume = {8},

issue = {3},

pages = {366-381},

abstract = {This article explores the connections between African workers and Christian missions in late nineteenth-century Zanzibar. The main finding is that missionaries found themselves hiring slaves in order to build their cathedral, which is ironically a symbol of abolition.

},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {A Slave Is not Supposed to Wear such a Garment},

author = {Cornelia Wunsch and Magdalene F. Rachel},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Kaskal },

volume = {9},

pages = {99-120},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}