@article{nokey,

title = {“I certainly wouldn’t call it work anymore”. The Reconfiguration of Work in Italy during the 1970s from a Historical Semantics Perspective },

author = {Massimiliano Livi },

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-01},

issuetitle = {Work Semantics / Semantiken der Arbeit},

journal = {Austrian Journal of Historical Studies},

volume = {34},

issue = {2},

pages = {175-198},

abstract = {Using an onomasiological, document-centred historical semantic approach, this paper focuses on the reconfiguration of labour in Italian society during the 1970s and 1980s. This is analysed both at the level of discourse and at the level of the performative changes that the development of a new semantics of labour, coercion, and freedom entailed. At the end of the 1970s, with the onset of the post-boom crisis, the rejection of regulated labour and the theorisation of its liberation through precarisation and flexibilisation became part of a cultural and social semantics for the young generation of workers entering the wage labour system. Their motto was “freeing labour to free life from labour”. Through both a quantitative and qualitative historical semantic analysis of the sources, this contribution examines the medium- and long-term impacts of this reconfiguration on the  practices of regulated and controlled wage labour. It also aims to offer an initial reflection on the use of the historical semantic approach for contemporary history and its possible – or rather, necessary – differentiation from other forms of discourse analysis.},

keywords = {20th century, historical semantics, italy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = { Subjugation by Labelling. Analysing the Semantics of Subservience in a Fugitive Slave Case from Eighteenth-Century Germany },

author = {Josef Köstlbauer},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-01},

journal = {Austrian Journal of Historical Studies},

volume = {34},

issue = {2},

pages = {150-174},

abstract = {This contribution uses a set of documents dealing with the case of a fugitive slave named Samuel Johannes in Upper Lusatia in 1754 to demonstrate the merits of a historical semantics–inspired approach. Not only does the studied case present evidence of the extension of colonial slaveries into the Holy Roman Empire, it also provides a snapshot of the language of subservience spoken in mid-eighteenth-century Germany. By revealing a striking indifference towards defining and explaining  ategorisations of dependency, the sources analysed here defy simple juxtapositions like ‘enslaved’ versus ‘free’. Labels like ‘slave’, ‘serf ’, or ‘Moor’ were employed to enforce and legitimise authority and proprietorial claims over Samuel Johannes. But these labels had to be constantly translated into actual practices and filled with meaning, as they did not readily convert into established, closely circumscribed positions or categories of status.},

keywords = {early modern history, europe, germany, historical semantics, slavery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Female Work Arrangements in the Datini Letters:  Exploring the Semantic Roles and Negotiating Scopes of Servants, Slaves, and Wet Nurses },

author = {Corinna Peres},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-01},

issuetitle = {Work Semantics / Semantiken der Arbeit},

journal = {Austrian Journal of Historical Studies},

volume = {34},

issue = {2},

pages = {126-149},

abstract = {In the letters preserved in the Datini archive, women could take the epistolary stage when it came to their (pre-)entry into a labour relation with the Datinis or their social network. The negotiating scope of women during these entries is the analytical focus of this paper; to negotiate and/or to be negotiated is the central question. Based on 53 letters from the years 1393–1398, four different search and recruitment processes for three different types of female workers – servants, slaves, and wet nurses – are comparatively examined by way of a historical semantic reading. Taking the verb-oriented method as a starting point, this study proposes two methodological extensions: an attribute-oriented method and an adaption of the semantic roles approach from linguistics. The paper argues that this historical semantic trio of methods can help to understand group-related and  individual degrees of (non-)control over actions in the arrangement of labour relations in late medieval Tuscany by bringing positions of power to the epistolary surface.},

keywords = {europe, gender, historical semantics, italy, medieval history, service, slavery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = { Grammars of Dependence. A Historical Semantics Approach to Population Charters Granted by Military Orders to Muslims in Medieval Iberia },

author = {Clara Almagro-Vidal},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-01},

issuetitle = {Work Semantics / Semantiken der Arbeit},

journal = {Austrian Journal of Historical Studies},

volume = {34},

issue = {2},

pages = {106-125},

abstract = {The aim of this paper is to analyse written records associated with the establishment of bonds between military orders as territorial lords and Muslims as settlers in the Christian kingdoms of medieval Iberia. These records are usually known as cartas de población or population charters and were issued in the context of the settlement of populations in a given area. Methods derived from historical semantics are applied to these texts, and the analysis explores the ways in which the existing  asymmetrical power relationships were reflected not only in the contents of the charters but also in the grammar and expressions used to formulate them.},

keywords = {historical semantics, iberia, medieval history, military, muslims, spain},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = { Trapped Maidens and Mocked Weavers. Semantics of Ambiguity Between Remunerated and Coerced Labour in Twelfth-Century Textile Production},

author = {Colin Arnaurd},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-01},

issuetitle = {Work Semantics / Semantiken der Arbeit

},

journal = {Austrian Journal of Historical Studies},

volume = {34},

issue = {2},

pages = {80-105},

abstract = {In Yvain ou le Chevalier au Lion, a French Arthurian romance written by Chrétien de Troyes around 1180, the protagonist finds three hundred captive maidens forced to work on silk fabrics in a cursed castle and complaining about their insufficient remuneration. According to the Gesta Abbatum Trudoniensum, a twelfth-century chronicle of the Abbey of Sint-Truiden (Limburg, Flanders), hired weavers were forced by domanial officers – most probably their employers – to pull a false ship from Kornelimünster near Aachen to Sint-Truiden in 1133. In this article, the two mentioned texts are examined using semantic methods to understand the logics behind the combination of coercion and remuneration in textile labour. The action phrases are analysed, as are the lexical fields of poverty and freedom. The weavers in the Gesta Abbatum Trudoniensum seemed to have the status of hired servants (mercennarius), which implied temporary servitude for the duration of a contract. In Yvain, the  insufficient wage of the weaving maidens is presented as chicanery employed to force them to work more. In both texts, poverty is conceptualised in a social, economic, legal, and political sense at once.},

keywords = {historical semantics, medieval history, textile industry, western europe},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Nemeh in Pharaonic Egypt: ‘Free’ or ‘Miserable’? A Case Study of Historical Semantics },

author = {Ella Karev},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-01},

issuetitle = {Work Semantics / Semantiken der Arbeit},

journal = {Austrian Journal of Historical Studies},

volume = {34},

issue = {2},

pages = {62-79},

abstract = {This case study of historical semantics examines an ancient Egyptian term related to dependency and dependent labour, ‘nemeh’, along with its varied (and seemingly paradoxical) proposed translations, ranging from ‘orphan’ to ‘citizen’, from ‘deprived person’ to ‘free man’. This contribution considers nemeh through historical semantics, investigating the shared thematic background among concepts and lexical meanings which appear contradictory to modern historians and philologists – but were not so in their original social context.},

keywords = {ancient history, dependency, egypt, historical semantics},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Über die Mikrosemantik von Einzeldokumenten. Ludolf Kuchenbuch im Gespräch mit Juliane Schiel },

author = {Ludolf Kuchenbuch and Juliane Schiel},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-01},

issuetitle = {Work Semantics / Semantiken der Arbeit},

journal = {Austrian Journal of Historical Studies},

volume = {34},

issue = {2},

pages = {48-61},

keywords = {historical semantics, medieval history, methodology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Historical Semantics – A Vade Mecum },

author = {Tim Geelhaar and Ludolf Kuchenbuch and Nicolas Perreaux and Juliane Schiel and Isabelle Schürch },

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-01},

issuetitle = {Work Semantics / Semantiken der Arbeit

},

journal = {Austrian Journal of Historical Studies},

volume = {34},

issue = {2},

pages = {18-47},

abstract = {This paper presents the historical semantics approach as a method for social history. While usually understood either as a form of conceptual and intellectual history of ideas or as a subdiscipline of philology and digital humanities, the authors of this article use historical semantics to address the way historians read their sources. The approach is presented as a necessary extension of historical methodology: Historians need to distrust their own common sense, depart from presupposed analytical categories and concepts, and base their interpretative work on the emic vocabulary of the societies under examination and on the document(s) forming the material legacy of the past. By linking words to historical and potential situations of language use, the historical semantics approach reveals the social taxonomies and inherent power relations between the dominant and the dominated. The paper outlines the guiding principles and methodological implications of this approach before presenting four concise vignettes illustrating the analytical potential and methodological diversity of the approach based on concrete case studies.},

keywords = {early modern history, historical semantics, medieval history, methodology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Work Semantics. In Search of an Alternative Conceptual Matrix for Labour and Social Historians },

author = {Juliane Schiel and Claude Chevaleyre},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-01},

issuetitle = {Work Semantics / Semantiken der Arbeit},

journal = {Austrian Journal of Historical Studies},

volume = {34},

issue = {2},

pages = {9-17},

abstract = {The idea for the project presented in this volume began with an encounter and a discovery. When we – a medievalist and a sinologist – first met in autumn 2017, we realised that although we came from different disciplines and worked on different regions and time periods, we were struggling with the same problem: As historians working on slaving practices in the Venetian empire (14th–16th centuries) respectively servitude in late imperial China (15th–19th centuries), we were both spending much of our time explaining the contextual differences and similarities between the social configurations we were studying to the broader community of social, labour, and global historians. We both felt that our objects of study did not fit well within the much-debated subfield of “free and unfree labour”, and that the postcolonial critiques and the so-called global turn in history did not solve the conceptual problem we were facing. Integrating a medieval or Chinese case study into a conference panel or a special journal issue on household service or slavery helped to enlarge the horizon of the historiographical debates on the history of unfree labour relations, but the umbrella terms of these subfields of study and the limited conceptual references

available did little to help us understand and properly convey the social taxonomies shaping the power relations we were studying.},

keywords = {global labour history, historical semantics, historiography, methodology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Runaway Serfs in 17th-Century Estland and Livland},

author = {Peeter Tammisto},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-09-12},

journal = {Scandinavian Journal of History},

volume = {48},

issue = {5},

pages = {615-634},

abstract = {Adscripti glebae is a condition where peasants legally belong to a particular landholding. Its purpose was to maintain a stable labour force at the disposal of the landholder. Peasants who did not abide by this immobility requirement were termed runaways. Runaways have been episodically mentioned in medieval and early modern social history, particularly in demographic history, urban history, and histories of serfdom. Yet they have rarely been the central focus of historical studies. This paper examines the runaway on the background of the particular conditions of serfdom in the provinces of Estland and Livland. The paper describes how serfdom was practiced in these provinces, proceeds to peasant agency by considering the numerous diverse reasons for running away and outlines the reasoning behind the efforts of both nobility and government aimed at maintaining the status quo. The court records of a few extradition cases are highlighted to illustrate aspects of the issue of keeping serfs bound to the land.},

keywords = {baltic states, early modern history, estonia, runaways, serfdom},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {The Case of Adam Jacobsen. Enslavement in 18th-Century Norway},

author = {Hanne Østhus},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-07-11},

journal = {Scandinavian Journal of History},

volume = {48},

issue = {5},

pages = {635-655},

abstract = {The article explores the life of Adam Jacobsen, an enslaved man who was trafficked from the Danish West Indies to the small town of Arendal in southern Norway sometime around 1780. By using the micro-spatial perspective the article aims to investigate how Jacobsen and others who were trafficked from America, Africa and Asia to Europe were understood within the broader processes of marketization and racialization that occurred with the development of the Atlantic slave trade. The article examines how these processes were given a localized expression through investigations of different ‘sites’: the geographical places of St. Croix and, primarily, Arendal, and the institutional sites of the household and the interrogation room. In St. Croix, Jacobsen lived in a society constructed around plantation slavery. In Arendal, he was a working member of his owner’s household residing with local servants and a local family, but he was also singled out and often racialized. Jacobsen’s life story, then, demonstrates how colonial slavery extended into Europe in a way that not only concerned capital and goods but also trafficking of people.},

keywords = {early modern history, norway, scandinavia, slavery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {How to Be(come) the Perfect Inmate? Working the System in the Prison Workhouse at Christianshavn, 1769–1789},

author = {Emilie Luther Valentin},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-07-04},

journal = {Scandinavian Journal of History},

volume = {48},

issue = {5},

pages = {679-698},

abstract = {Between 1769 and 1789, the warden of the prison workhouse at Christianshavn wrote around 300 statements to accompany petitions made for inmates’ release. Drawing on the theories of Arlie Russell Hochschild, this article argues that the statements detail the feeling rules of the prison workhouse and provide evidence that the inmates ‘worked the system’ by performing emotional labour in accordance with said feeling rules. Thus, the article uncovers and connects practices and tactics of coercion and autonomy in the prison workhouse, examining how inmates navigated the authorities’ expectations as a tactic of escape from imprisonment and labour coercion.},

keywords = {convict labour, denmar, early modern history, emotional labour, europe, punishment, scandinavia},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Carceral Chains: Pathways through a Convict Labour Institution, 1690–1830},

author = {Johan Heinsen},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-06-18},

journal = {Scandinavian Journal of History},

volume = {48},

issue = {5},

pages = {656-678 },

abstract = {This article examines early modern convicts’ experiences of extramural penal labour institutions – known in their time as slaveries. It centres on Denmark’s main slaveries in Copenhagen and analyses data collected from the books keeping track of the inmates. On this basis, the article examines their experiences at connected moments: before entry, at entry, in the extraction of labour, and at exit. The article describes how these moments linked together to form patterns. Crucially, experiences during and at the termination of stays in these prisons were often predicated on former experiences in the labour market, how punitive labour was linked to forms of corporal violence, and the question of honour.},

keywords = {convict labour, denmark, early modern history, europe, punishment, scandinavia},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Labour and Coercion in the Nordic Region in the Early Modern Period: Connections, Ambiguities, Practices},

author = {Johan Heinsen and Vilhelm Vilhelmsson and Hanne Østhus},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-06-07},

journal = {Scandinavian Journal of History},

volume = {48},

issue = {5},

pages = {551-571},

abstract = {This introduction discusses the constitutive role played by various practices of coercion within a range of labour relations across the Nordic region in the early modern period. In recent years a growing body of international literature has worked to re-conceptualize histories of labour coercion. Current trends in global labour history have emphasized the interrelational nature of labour regimes, eschewing traditional boundaries of free and unfree labour, productive and unproductive labour, wage labour and unpaid labour, and focused rather on the entangled history of labour and coercion in its various guises. Based on a critical discussion of the teleological frameworks and essentialized analytical categories that have largely characterized the historiography of labour in many of the Nordic countries, we argue for shifting the focus of attention to study the actual practices of labour and coercion in order to establish a more inclusive, contextual and historicized historiography of Nordic labour.},

keywords = {early modern history, europe, scandinavia},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Contracted Coercion: Land, Labour and Gender in the Swedish Crofter Institution},

author = {Carolina Uppenberg},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-04-30},

journal = {Scandinavian Journal of History},

volume = {48},

issue = {5},

abstract = {In the early modern rural setting, labour was organized with varying degrees of coercion depending on landowning, social standing, and gender. This article analyses the crofter institution, characterized by corvée labour (obligatory work as payment), from the perspective of gender and coercion. The purpose is to answer the question of how the crofter institution was created, shaped, enabled and questioned. The right to establish a croft made the position as head of household available for men but it also increased social stratification. While crofters were masters of their households in contract signing, their position was ambiguous when it came to the organization of labour. Regarding physical integrity, crofters could be forced by physical violence and were subject to rules not connected to work, such as subservience. I argue that this was made acceptable through marriage and allowing the position as head of household to landless men. Crofters held an intermediate position, caught between the market logic of leasehold of land and the coercive logic of labour extraction, and this continued to colour the crofter institution until its final dissolution in 1943.},

keywords = {19th century, 20th century, agrarian labour and rural history, early modern history, europe, gender, household, scandinavia, service, sweden},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Contested Households: Lodgers, Labour, and the Law in Rural Iceland in the Early 19th Century},

author = {Vilhelm Vilhelmsson},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-04-05},

journal = {Scandinavian Journal of History},

volume = {48},

issue = {5},

pages = {572-592},

abstract = {The historiography of labour in pre-industrial Iceland has commonly portrayed it first and foremost as life-cycle service in rural households and has suggested that, in a European context, the Icelandic system of compulsory service – or vistarband – was exceptionally harsh due to its broad scope and inflexibility. This approach has been built primarily on demographics and a normative analysis of legal sources. Less attention has been paid to the everyday practices of workers and their employers (or the state) as they manoeuvred within and around the labour legislation to establish working relationships to make ends meet. Similarly, ambiguities within the legislation and discrepancies between law and practice have rarely been explored, nor has people’s understanding of the principal concepts of the labour laws, concepts such as ‘household’, ‘farm’ and ‘servant’, been scrutinized. This article invokes such questions and provides a microhistorical analysis of two court cases which illustrate the nuances and ambiguities of putting such a broad-reaching set of regulations into practice in a pre-industrial rural setting.},

keywords = {19th century, agrarian labour and rural history, europe, household, iceland, labour law, scandinavia, service},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Insiders by Analogy: Slaves in the Great Ming Code},

author = {Claude Chevaleyre},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Slavery & Abolition},

volume = {43},

issue = {3},

pages = {460-481 },

abstract = {This article seeks to reinforce arguments that a genuinely global history of slavery is possible only if we examine the nature and dynamics of chattel and bonded status in parts of the world that have been largely ignored in slavery studies. Although scholars have begun to reassess the dynamics of slavery in early-modern Asia, a comprehensive study of slaving practices in China remains to be written. A careful examination of the provisions on ‘slaves’ (nubi) included in the Great Ming Code (1397) provides an opportunity to better understand slave status in Ming (1368–1644) China. Despite their limits, the norms and concepts subsumed in the legislation can tell us a great deal about the relative nature of social status and changes in slave status through time. This article seeks to explain how and why slaves were conceptualized as such in the late imperial period. It distinguishes between two categories of social interaction (that which slaves had with society and that which they had with their master’s family) and dissects the analogy between slaves and children in these interactions. It argues that the features that historians usually regard as distinctive of nubi slavery cannot be properly understood without adequate contextualization.



},

keywords = {china, early modern history, global labour history, slavery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Domestic Law and Slavery in Late Imperial China. Glimpses from Lineage Registers},

author = {Claude Chevaleyre},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

issuetitle = {Slavery in Early Modern East, Inner, and Southeast Asia},

journal = {Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies },

volume = {81},

issue = {1-2},

pages = {39-65 },

abstract = {Over the past century, the late imperial Chinese nubi system has been the subject of numerous studies. Depicted as a highly exploitative mode of labor coercion, it has nonetheless been radically differentiated from slavery. In this article, I explore how nubi were conceptualized in late imperial China through the lens of lineages’ domestic regulations and admonitions. Nubi bondage was first and foremost a living experience of strong asymmetric dependency. However, as a de jure institution, its conceptual and normative dimensions do matter as they justified the enslavement of human beings and contributed to shaping household practices. Domestic regulations reveal a process that transformed outsiders into absolute inferiors. This consideration alone is an incentive to reconsider the alleged disqualification of nubi as a form of “slavery” and to engage broader comparisons with slavery in a more global perspective.



},

keywords = {bonded labour, china, dependency, slavery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {“Employed at the Works of the City”. The Punishment of Runaway Slaves in the Antebellum US South},

author = {Viola Müller},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

issuetitle = {Punishing the Enslaved: Slavery, Labor, and Punitive Practices in the Americas, 1760s–1880s},

journal = {Journal of Global Slavery},

volume = {7},

issue = {1-2},

pages = {153-176},

abstract = {Despite the successful maneuvers of many runaways to escape slavery in the slaveholding South, considerable numbers did not make it and were apprehended by slave patrols, civilians, or watchmen. What happened to those among them who were subsequently not reclaimed by their legal owners? To answer this question, this paper focuses on the punishment and forced employment of runaway slaves by city and state authorities rather than by individual slaveholders. It follows enslaved southerners into workhouses, chain gains, and penitentiaries, thereby connecting different institutions within the nineteenth-century penal system. Exploring collaboration and clashes between slaveholders and the authorities, it will discuss how the forced employment of runaways fitted in with the broader understanding of Black labor and the restructuring of labor demands in the antebellum US South.





},

keywords = {19th century, punishment, runaways, slavery, united states},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Paternalist Punishment. Slaves, Masters and the State in the Audiencia de Quito and Ecuador, 1730s–1851},

author = {Christian De Vito},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

issuetitle = {Punishing the Enslaved: Slavery, Labor, and Punitive Practices in the Americas, 1760s–1880s},

journal = {Journal of Global Slavery},

volume = {7},

issue = {1-2},

pages = {48-72},

abstract = {This chapter analyzes the punitive relationships among slaves, slaveholders and colonial authorities from the perspective of paternalism. Focusing on the territory of the colonial Audiencia de Quito and the Republic of Ecuador between the early eighteenth century and the abolition of slavery in 1851, the chapter proceeds in three directions. The first section addresses the interactions between the State and the slaveholders through the lens of “protection.” The second section turns to paternalism as a repertoire of both legitimation and contestation of punishment. The final section assesses the continuities and discontinuities in the impact of paternalism on the punishments of slaves across time, both during and beyond the colonial period.





},

keywords = {19th century, colonialism, early modern history, latin america, punishment, slavery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {“Put me on to a male agent”: Emotional labour and gender in call centres.},

author = {Ayşegül Akdemir},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Current Sociology, Online First},

abstract = {This article aims to shed light on the gender dynamics in the context of performing emotional labor in Turkish call centers. Based on qualitative interviews, this study aimed to illuminate how gender is done and undone, providing a perspective on the relationship between gender and emotional labor in call centers, a highly gendered and interactional line of work. Gender relations are complex and gender performativity in call center work allows us to observe different ways in which employees do and undo gender. This study reveals that female employees are more inclined to undo gender and display competence as a work strategy to elevate their position, whereas male employees struggle between job demands and adhering to masculine norms.

},

keywords = {emotional labour, gender, qualitative research, sociology, turkey},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {From Slaves and Servants to Citizens? Regulating Dependency, Race, and Gender in Revolutionary France and the French West Indies},

author = {Raffaella Sarti},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {International Review of Social History },

volume = {67},

issue = {1},

pages = {65-95},

abstract = {A crucial aspect of the regulation of domestic service is the regulation of people's status. Because of its emphasis on freedom and equality, the French Revolution is particularly interesting. “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on considerations of the common good.” These principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (26 August 1789) did not seem to leave room for slavery and master/servant hierarchies. Yet, their impact on slaves and servants was ambivalent, as I shall show by focusing on France and its Caribbean colonies. Dependency, race, and gender are crucial in my analysis. After sketching the features of servants, serfs, slaves, and indentured servants at the end of the Ancien Régime, I will analyse how the Revolution affected them, focusing on serfs and servants in metropolitan France, on black colonial slaves, and on female slaves and servants. While I investigate the “French imperial nation-State”, I will also provide some comparison with the American case. The Revolution led to a feminization of dependence both in metropolitan France and in the French Caribbean, making dependence more gendered. It abolished serfdom and slavery, and enfranchised male domestiques. Thus, on the one hand, it was really revolutionary; on the other, colonial slavery was first replaced by bonded labour and then reintroduced. Male domestiques were enfranchised briefly and only on paper; they would be enfranchised when slavery in the French colonies was abolished (1848). Women were excluded: mistresses and maids had to wait until 1944 to become full citizens. This makes it impossible to establish clear-cut distinctions between pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary times, and in part challenges the difference between metropole and colonies.



},

keywords = {abolition, colonialism, dependency, france, gender, race, revolt and revolution, service, slavery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {The Risk of Birth. Life Insurance for Enslaved Pregnant Women in Fifteenth-Century Genoa},

author = {Hannah Barker},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Global Slavery},

volume = {6},

issue = {2},

pages = {187–217},

abstract = {Why did fifteenth-century Genoese slaveholders insure the lives of enslaved pregnant women? I argue that their assessment of the risks associated with childbirth reflected their views on the connection between slavery, property, and lineage. Genoese slaveholders saw the reproductive labor of enslaved women as a potential contribution to their lineage as well as their property. Because their children by enslaved women might become their heirs, Genoese slaveholders were inclined to worry about and seek protection against the risk of maternal mortality. In the context of the commercial revolution and the rise of third-party insurance, they developed life insurance for enslaved pregnant women to complement the fines already required of those who illegally impregnated enslaved women and thereby endangered their lives.





},

keywords = {gender, italy, medieval history, slavery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Penal Slavery in Early Modern Scandinavia},

author = {Johan Heinsen},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Global Slavery},

volume = {6},

issue = {3},

pages = {343–368},

abstract = {In Scandinavia, a penal institution known as “slavery” existed from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Penal slaves laboured in the creation and maintenance of military infrastructure. They were chained and often stigmatized, sometimes by branding. Their punishment was likened and, on a few occasions, linked to Atlantic slavery. Still, in reality, it was a wholly distinct form of enslavement that produced different experiences of coercion than those of the Atlantic. Such forms of penal slavery sit uneasily in historiographies of punishment but also offers a challenge for the dominant models of global labour history and its attempts to create comparative frameworks for coerced labour. This article argues for the need for contextual approaches to what such coercion meant to both coercers and coerced. Therefore, it offers an analysis of the meaning of early modern penal slavery based on an exceptional set of sources from 1723. In these sources, the status of the punished was negotiated and practiced by guards and slaves themselves. Court appearances by slaves were usually brief—typically revolving around escapes as authorities attempted to identify security breaches. The documents explored in this article are different: They present multiple voices speaking at length, negotiating their very status as voices. From that negotiation and its failures emerge a set of practiced meanings of penal “slavery” in eighteenth-century Copenhagen tied to competing yet intertwined notions of dishonour.

},

keywords = {convict labour, early modern history, global labour history, punishment, scandinavia, slavery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Historicizing Extramural Convict Labour: Trajectories and Transitions in Early Modern Europe},

author = {Johan Heinsen},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {International Review of Social History },

volume = {66},

issue = {1},

pages = {111-133},

abstract = {New global histories of punishment are steadily decentring the history of punishment and convict labour, challenging traditional conceptions of a linear path towards a single penal modernity and the penitentiary as the telos of its history. Through an exploration of three strands of extramural convict labour emerging in Copenhagen (1558), Ulm (1561), and Almadén (1566), this interpretative essay argues that this challenge can be furthered by taking a view of Europe's own penal history from which the focus is less on origins and more on how the landscape of punishment evolved through a continuous and largely contingent process of assemblage. In this process, a few key elements – labour, displacement, pain, and confinement – were combined and mixed to different effects in specific contexts. Along with that approach comes the need to historicize the process by relating it to other practices of labour coercion, both within the penal field and outside it.



},

keywords = {convict labour, early modern history, europe, punishment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Their Most Valuable and Most Vulnerable Asset: Slaves on the Early Sugar Plantations of Saint-Domingue (1697-1715)},

author = {Klaus Weber and Karsten Voss},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Global Slavery},

volume = {5},

issue = {2},

pages = {204-237},

abstract = {From 1698, colonial officers and investors from France forged a conglomerate of companies for transforming Saint-Domingue into a sugar colony, thus augmenting incomes of tax farmers and of the crown. Capital was also captured from enemy colonies and generated through trade with Spanish possessions. The most important capital were slaves, both as laborers and mortgageable property—crucial during the War of Spanish Succession, which brought price volatility and speculation in land and sugar. In order to secure the colony’s development, authorities restricted rights of owners over their slaves, preventing their sale or abuse. Only around 1715 was such protection of slaves suppressed.





},

keywords = {caribbean, colonialism, early modern history, slavery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {The Ragusan “Maids-of-all-Work”. Shifting Labor Relations in the Late Medieval Adriatic Sea Region},

author = {Juliane Schiel},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Global Slavery},

volume = {5},

issue = {2},

abstract = {This article discusses bonded labor relations and their changes through the example of Slavic migrant workers in late medieval Ragusa (Dubrovnik). Over roughly 150 years, Ragusa changed from a site of localized, endemic labor exploitation to a commodified labor market with transregional implications. Based on a close examination of notary deeds and legislative acts, the article presents an empirically grounded approach to category formation and a careful reconstruction of the Ragusan grammar of coericon. While labels and classification systems for unskilled Slavic migrants changed over time, they remained the “maids-of-all-work”—a nonspecialist labor force that could be taken into service for a variety of tasks wherever they were needed.



},

keywords = {bonded labour, labour markets, medieval history, mediterranean, service, sla},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {The Semiotics of Serfdom: How serfdom was perceived in the Swedish conglomerate state, 1561–1806},

author = {Marten Seppel},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Scandinavian Journal of History},

volume = {45},

issue = {1},

pages = {48-70},

abstract = {While serfdom did not exist in Sweden and Finland, it was accepted in the Baltic and German provinces. The main aim of the paper is to explore how the institution of serfdom was understood and interpreted in Stockholm. It will argue that there were clichés, stereotypes, and prejudices that have shaped the discourse on serfdom.

},

keywords = {early modern history, scandinavia, serfdom, sweden},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {From Bondage to Precariousness? New Perspectives on Labor and Social History},

author = {Juliane Schiel and Christian De Vito and Matthias van Rossum},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Social History},

volume = {54},

issue = {2},

pages = {1-19},

abstract = {This article explores the possibility of a new, empirically based analytical and methodological framework for the study of labour relations and the reinterpretation of contemporary issues, including precariousness, „modern slavery,” social inequality, and dependence. It proposes a contextualized, interrelational and transepochal approach and discusses the potential of three research strategies.

},

keywords = {dependency, global labour history, historical semantics, methodology, new history of work},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Die Großmütter und wir: Freiwilligkeit, Feminismus und Geschlechterarrangements in der Schweiz},

author = {Matthias Ruoss and Regula Ludi},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {L’Homme. Europäische Zeitschrift für feministische Geschichtswissenschaft},

volume = {31},

issue = {1},

pages = {87-104},

abstract = {What is voluntarism and how can we conceptualize it as a subject of historical research? In this article we address these questions with regard to the relationship between gender arrangements and voluntarism in modern Switzerland. Our considerations are premised on the assumption that voluntary aid is not a spontaneous act or an amorphous activity but rather constitutes a mode that regulates social relations and structures the social order.

},

keywords = {20th century, feminism, gender, switzerland, voluntarism},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Reconsidering the Southern European Model: Marital Status, Women’s work and labour relations in mid-eighteenth century Portugal},

author = {Filipa Ribeiro da Silva and Hélder Carvalhal},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Revista de Historia Económica. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History},

volume = {38},

issue = {1},

pages = {45–77},

abstract = {Challenging current ideas in mainstream scholarship on differences between female labour force participation in southern and north-western Europe and their impact on economic development, this article shows that in Portugal, neither marriage nor widowhood prevented women from participating in the labour market of mid-eighteenth-century. Our research demonstrates that marriage provided women with the resources they needed to work in various capacities in all economic sectors.

},

keywords = {early modern history, economic development, gender, portugal},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Family, Gender, and Labour in the Greek Mines, 1860–1940},

author = {Leda Papastefanaki},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {International Review of Social History },

volume = {65},

issue = {2},

abstract = {To date, research on work in the mines in Greece has ignored the significance of gender in the workplace, since mining is associated exclusively with male labour. As such, it is considered, indirectly, not subject to gender relations. The article examines the influence of family and gender relations on labour in the Greek mines in the period 1860–1940 by highlighting migration trajectories, paternalistic practices, and the division of labour in mining communities. Sources include: official publications of the Mines Inspectorate and the Mines and Industrial Censuses, the Greek Miners’ Fund Archive, British and French consular reports, various economic and technical reports by experts, literature and narratives, the local press from mining regions, and the Archive of the Seriphos Mines.

},

keywords = {19th century, 20th century, gender, greece, mining},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Women and Gender in the Mines: Challenging Masculinity Through History: An Introduction},

author = {Rossana Romano Barragán and Leda Papastefanaki},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {International Review of Social History },

volume = {65},

issue = {2},

pages = {191-231},

abstract = {The role of women as mineworkers and as household workers has been erased. Here, we challenge the masculinity associated with the mines, taking a longer-term and a global labour history perspective. We foreground the importance of women as mineworkers in different parts of the world since the early modern period and analyse the changes introduced in coal mining in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the masculinization and mechanization, and the growing importance of women in contemporary artisanal and small-scale mining. The effect of protective laws and the exclusion of women from underground tasks was to restrict women’s work more to the household, which played a pivotal role in mining communities but is insufficiently recognized. This process of “de-labourization” of women’s work was closely connected with the distinction between productive and unproductive labour. This introductory article therefore centres on the important work carried out in the household by women and children. Finally, we present the three articles in the Special Theme in International Review of Social History and discuss how each of them is in dialogue with the topics addressed here.

},

keywords = {gender, global labour history, mining},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {From Abolition of the Slave Trade to Protection of Immigrants: Danish Colonialism, German Missionaries, and the Development of Ideas of Humanitarian Governance from the Early Eighteenth to the Nineteenth Century},

author = {Preben Kaarsholm},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Atlantic Studies},

volume = {17},

issue = {3},

pages = {348-374},

abstract = {The focus of the essay is the emergence in the eighteenth century of discourses of abolition in the context of bonded labour and the trade in slaves from India. It relates this to the development in forms of unfree labour from slavery to indenture, and to the travels of abolitionism from the Indian Ocean world into that of the Atlantic. The study examines multinational dimensions of this early history of abolition and discusses more particularly how missionary enterprises based in Danish colonies in India contributed to the development of ideas of education, enlightenment, and natural rights that fed into emerging discourses of abolitionism. Further, the essay links eighteenth-century debates around abolition to discourses of protection and humanitarianism that became prominent in the last half of the nineteenth century in the context of imperialist competition and campaigns against the illegal slave trade.



},

keywords = {19th century, abolition, atlanic, bonded labour, denmark, early modern history, humanitarianism, indian ocean, slavery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Slovak Marxist-Leninist Philosophy on Work: Experience of the Second Half of the 20th Century},

author = {Vasil Gluchman},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Studies in East European Thought},

volume = {72},

issue = {1},

pages = {43-58},

abstract = {The paper analyses the concept of work in Slovak Marxist-Leninist philosophy and ethics in the second half of the twentieth century by referencing, in particular, Furnham’s critical assessment of the relationship between left-wing ideology and the values of work ethic. The author comes to the conclusion that, on the one hand, Marxist-Leninist ideology and the practice of building socialism made the notion and phenomenon of work into an ideological fetish; on the other hand, however, the real value of work and its contribution to the development of society was depreciated. Instead of bringing about the liberation of work all that it engendered was a new form of its alienation.

},

keywords = {20th century, marxism, philosophy, slovakia, socialism},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Cumprir Marrocos em Portugal: a comunidade mourisca de Setúbal no século XVI [Fulfilling Morocco in Portugal: the Moorish community of Setúbal in the 16th century]},

author = {Maria Filomena Lopes de Barros},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

abstract = {This article explores, in part, the coercive work of Moorish slaves in Setúnal (Portugal) in the 16th century and how that work is reproduced after freedom.

},

keywords = {early modern history, muslims, portugal, slavery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}